unique_hemp

And you keep on rehabilitating genocidal maniacs 👍

Notice the weight-bearing words "at first" in your own cited research? Etymology is not a valid argument when the definition of a term drastically changes, in this case becoming much broader. My point is, most "kulaks" deported by Stalin from the Baltics were new landowners with not a lot of land and at most a few paid workers. At least in the case of Latvia, these workers were commonly seasonal labourers from Poland (that came here willingly).

Showing a paragraph with a nasty description does not really prove anything, I could find you endless paragraphs that say nasty things about communists.

Here's some other research:

Available here, page 126

Do you fathom, how little land 5ha actually is for farming? Especially considering, that even the Western Soviet Union is generally not densely populated.

Some 72% of deportees were women and children under the age of 16.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Priboi

Ah yes, getting skinned alive so hard by women and children.

During the first five-year plan, Joseph Stalin's all-out campaign to take land ownership and organisation away from the peasantry meant that, according to historian Robert Conquest, "peasants with a couple of cows or five or six acres [~2 ha] more than their neighbors" were labeled kulaks.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulak

So owning marginally more than your neighbours. Wow, what a horrible crime.

Maybe you should do some reading too.

There were no serfs in the 20th century: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolition_of_serfdom_in_Livonia

And the people considered kulaks by Stalin were often the same peasants, who got pieces of land taken from the actual nobility in the interwar land reform: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Land_Reform_of_1920

Dude, all you needed to be defined a "kulak" was to own your own homestead, they worked on their farms themselves. Serfdom had been over for more than a hundred years at that point.