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The thing that confused me when first learning about docker was, that everybody compares it to a virtual machine. It's not. Containers dont virtualize anything. They take a (single) process from the host OS and separate that into its own environment. All system calls, memory access, file writes etc are still handled by the same os (same kernel). However the process is separated both on the file system and process level. It can't see other processes outside of the container and it also doesn't see the real filesystem. It sees a filesystem provided by the container. This also means it sees different file and user permissions. When you run a alpine Linux docker container on an Ubuntu system, the container only containes the (few) files for alpine but no Linux kernel no desktop environment. A process inside that container only sees the alpine files and not the Ubuntu files. It also means all containers see a filesystem independent of each other and can use libraries and dependencies of different versions (they are only files after all).
For administration it makes running complex services easy. You define how to setup that service (what base Linux distro to use, what packages to install, what commands to run, and how to start the process). You can then be save to assume the setup of that service did not interfere with the setup of any other service. "Service 1 needs a certain system wide config changed? Service 2 needs that config in the default state? And both need a different version of the same library?" In containers you can have all at the same time because they each see a different version of the same config and library.
And all this is provided by the kernel itself. All docker does is provide an "easy" way to create and manage containers but could could do all of that using chroot, runc and a few other.
As a note, containers usually don't come with systemd as they don't need an init system. You would run the service directly inside the container and then use systemd outside the container to make sure the container is started/restarted, or just docker as it can already do that.
I found a great article demystifying containers recently
While you are technically right there is very little logical difference between containers and VMs. Really the only fundamental difference is that containers use the same kernel while VMs run their own. (let's not even worry about para-virtualization right now).
In practice I would say the biggest difference is that there is better memory sharing so total memory usage will often be less. But honestly this mostly comes down to the fact that the average container bundles less software than the average VM image. Easier management of volumes is also nice because typically you will just bind-mount a host directory, but it also isn't hard to mount a block device on a Linux host.