Technology

Oh man I'll try, but I can't make any promises ...

Modern particle physics breaks particles down into two groups: Dice that are weighted (bosons) and Dice that aren't weighted but also aren't fair (fermions).

Bosons always roll the same number, because they're weighted.

Fermions always roll numbers, but we have no clue how many sides they have, or what numbers they can even roll because they change each time we roll them.

Classical Computers ignore this problem. They just count the number of dice they have, and are really really good at rolling precise amounts of dice and putting them into specific labelled jars. Their math works by carefully keeping these jars organized, and are limited by how quickly and accurately the CPU can organize amounts of dice.

It turns out if you roll a set of dice enough times, no matter what set of dice you use as long as they are random, you eventually wind up with a similar looking "standard distribution" of probabilities. Quantum computers let us zero out the dice to a fixed starting position, kind of like zeroing out a scale, and then we can use that to make calculations. This process is very sensitive and difficult and has a lot of scaling issues.

Enter Anti-Dice. Anti-Dice are the polar opposites of existing Dice. They are just like all the other particles but they have their numbers printed upside down, and their shapes are inverted.

A Majorana particle is a particle that takes this metaphor even Further BEYOND!!! It is a type of Fermion (dice that we can roll and will give us random numbers instead of the same number each time), but whenever we roll a Majorana particle it turns into its own Anti-Dice. This is a really cool concept that Microsoft is using here as a proof of concept to make a quantum computer that is easier to scale up, because now if we roll say a bunch of 6s and a bunch of -6s, we know it's actually supposed to be the same number because of how Majorana particles are defined, and we can theoretically use this cheaper and easier method to scale up a quantum chip.