Sure, you can just add a bind mount volume to mount a path from the host system to the container.
The only thing you'd have to make sure of is that whatever uid/gid the container is running as has permissions to access whatever cert files you're after (but if you're being bad and running as root, then congrats, that's not usually an issue!)
Edit: redacted docker-compose example of this:
service-name:
image: image-tag
restart: unless-stopped
container_name: service-name
hostname: service-name
command: '--cert /data/live/domain.com/cert.pem --key /data/live/domain.com/privkey.pem port ip:23'
ports:
- port-external:port-internal
volumes:
- /etc/letsencrypt:/data:ro